SYSTEMS SCADA

SYSTEMS SCADA

SCADA stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. A SCADA system is based on computers that monitor and remotely control a system, process or system with different characteristics. Unlike Distributed Control Systems, the control loop is usually closed by the operator. Distributed Control Systems are characterized by performing control actions automatically. Today it is easy to find a SCADA system performing tasks automatic control in any level, but their main task is monitoring and control by the operator.

APPEARANCE	SCADA
TYPE OF ARCHITECTURE	CENTRAL
PREVAILING RATE CONTROL	Supervisory: control loops closed by the operator. Additionally: sequential and regulatory control.
TYPES OF VARIABLES	decoupled
ACTION AREA	Geographically distributed areas.
UNIT DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL	Remote PLC's.
MEDIA	Radio, TV, telephone lines, direct connection, LAN, WAN.
DATABASE	CENTRAL

Communication protocols

There are various communication systems and various protocols for each requirement of the network, but a type of communication that is becoming more important day is the CAN protocol, this system is integrated into many brands and will become mandatory as the communication protocol DIAGNOSIS for emission control ...

CAN or CAN Bus, is short for Controller Area Network is a serial communications bus for control applications in real time, with a communication speed of up to 1 Mbit per second, and has excellent detection and fault isolation. That is, this is the best and latest technology in new vehicles. In fact, several vehicle manufacturers since 2003, including Toyota, Ford, Mazda, Mercedes Benz, BMW and others already have this system installed. OBD 2 and was mandatory for all vehicles since 1996.

This system uses two wires, in which two signals traveling exactly the same amplitude and frequency but inverted completely modules in these pulse voltage identifies the message, but also has options to keep the active network, but one wire failure communication.

For several years, car manufacturers have only had the option to choose from four communication protocols: ISO 9141, J1850PWM, J1850VPW, KWP 2000 / ISO 14230-4. The CAN system gave automakers a new high speed, typically 50 to 100 times faster than the common communication protocols, and reduces the number of connections needed to communicate between systems.

ASCII CODE

ASCII is an acronym for "American Standard Code for Information Interchange". This code was proposed by Robert W. Bemer, seeking to create codes for alpha-numeric characters (letters, symbols, numbers and accents). Thus it would be possible for computers from different manufacturers succeed in understanding the same codes.

The ASCII is a numeric code that represents characters using a decimal scale from 0 to 127 These decimal numbers by the computer are converted into binary numbers for further processing. Therefore, each of the letters you write will correspond to one of these codes.

Evolution of Intel processors

1971: The Intel 4004 

The 4004 was the world's first microprocessor, created in a single chip, and developed by Intel. It was a 4-bit CPU and was also the first available commercially. This development prompted the Busicom calculator and gave way to the way to provide "intelligence" to inanimate objects as well as the personal computer.

1972: Intel 8008

Initially coded as 1201, was asked Intel for Computer Terminal Corporation for use in its programmable terminal Datapoint 2200, but because Intel finished the project late and did not meet the expectations of Computer Terminal Corporation, was not ultimately used in the Datapoint . Subsequently Computer Terminal Corporation and Intel agreed that the i8008 could be sold to other customers.

1974: The Intel 8080

THE 8080 became the CPU of the first personal computer, the MITS Altair 8800, allegedly, named based on a target of "Starship" Spaceship of the TV show Star Trek, and IMSAI 8080 forming the basis for machines running the CP / M-80 operating system. Supporters of Altair computers could buy a computer for a price (at the time) of $ S395. In a period of a few months, tens of thousands of these PCs were sold.

1978: The Intel 8086 and 8088

 A sale made by Intel to the new personal computer division of IBM, made ​​the IBM PC Business laid great hit with the new product with the 8088, called the IBM PC. The success of 8088 propelled Intel to the list of the top 500 companies in the Fortune magazine.

1982: The Intel 80286

The 80286, popularly known as 286, was the first Intel processor that could run all the software written for its predecessor. This software compatibility remains a hallmark of Intel family of microprocessors. After 6 years of its introduction, there were an estimated 15 million 286-based PC, installed around the world.

1985: Intel 80386 

 This Intel processor, popularly called 386, joined with 275000 transistors, more than 100 times as many as in the original 4004 The 386 added a 32-bit architecture, with ability to multitask and a unit of translation of pages, which did much easier to implement operating systems that will use virtual memory.

1989: Intel 80486 

Generating 486 really meant to have a personal computer of advanced features, including an optimized instruction set, a floating point unit, or FPU, an improved interface unit bus and a unified cache, all integrated into one's own microprocessor chip. These improvements made ​​the i486 were twice as fast as the pair i386 - i387 operating at the same clock frequency. The Intel 486 processor was the first to offer an integrated math coprocessor or FPU; him that accelerated markedly the calculations

1993: The Intel Pentium 

The Pentium microprocessor had an architecture capable of executing two operations at once, thanks to its two 32-bit data pipeline each, equivalent to 486Du) and the other 486s or equivalent). Furthermore, it was equipped with a data bus of 64 bits, and allowed access to 64-bit memory (though still keeping the processor 32-bit support for internal operations, and records were also 32 bits).

1995: THE Intel Pentium Pro

Launched in fall 1995, the Pentium Pro (professional) processor was designed with a 32-bit architecture. It was used in servers and software and workstation applications (networking) quickly boosted their integration into computers.

 1997: Intel Pentium II 

A processor of 7.5 million transistors, it searches the fundamental changes from its predecessor, improving performance in the execution of 16-bit code, add the MMX instruction set and eliminate the second-level cache kernel processor, putting it on a printed circuit board next to it.

The Intel Pentium II Xeon 

 The Pentium II Xeon processors are designed to meet the performance requirements of mid-range computers, more powerful servers and workstations (workstations).

1999: Intel Celeron 

Continuing, Intel strategy in the development of processors for specific market segments, the Celeron processor is the name given to the line Intel inexpensive.

1999: Intel Pentium III 

The Pentium III processor features 70 new instructions Internet Streaming SIMD extensions that dramatically enhance the performance with advanced 3D images adding a better quality of audio, video and performance in speech recognition applications.

1999: Intel Pentium III Xeon 

The Pentium III Xeon processor extends Intel's strengths in terms of workstations (workstation) and server market segments, and adds an enhanced e-commerce applications and advanced business computing performance.
 
2000: THE Intel Pentium 4

This is a seventh-generation microprocessor based on the x86 architecture and manufactured by Intel. It is the first with a completely new design since the Pentium Pro. NetBurst architecture, which gave no significant improvement over the previous P6 was unveiled. Intel sacrificed performance for each cycle to change as many cycles per second and improved SSE instructions.

2004: Intel Pentium 4 (Prescott)

  In early February 2004, Intel introduced a new version called Pentium 4 'Prescott'. First used in its manufacture a manufacturing process of 90 nm and then changed to 65nm. The difference with the previous ones is that they have 1 MiB to 2 MiB L2 cache and 16 KB of L1 cache

 2006: THE Intel Core Duo

 Intel launched this range of dual-core processors and CPUs 2x2 MCM (Multi-Chip Module) quad core x86-64 assembly instructions, based on the new Intel Core architecture. The Core microarchitecture returned to lower CPU speeds and improved use of processor cycles both speed and power compared with preceding NetBurst of the Pentium 4 / D 2.

2008: The Intel Core Nehalem

 Intel Core i7 processor family is a quad-core Intel architecture x86-64. The Core i7 processors are the first that use Intel Nehalem microarchitecture and is the successor to the Intel Core 2 family FSB is replaced by QuickPath interface i5 and i7 (socket 1366) and in turn replaced i7, i5 and i3 (Socket 1156) by DMI northBrige removed and implementing the PCI Express ports directly. Three memory channels (data width of 192 bits): each channel can support one or two DDR3 DIMMs. The motherboard compatible with Core i7 have four (3 +1) or six DIMM slots instead of two or four, and DIMMs must be installed in groups of three, not two. The Hyperthreading was reimplemented creating logical cores. It is manufactured at 45nm architecture and 32 nm and has 731 million transistors its most powerful. He turned to use higher frequencies, although counterpart consumption soared.

2011: Intel Sandy Bridge Core 

 Come to replace the Nehalem chips with Intel Core i3, Intel Core i5 and Intel Core i7 2000 series and Pentium G.

Intel launched its processors are known as code name Sandy Bridge. These Intel Core processors that do not have substantial changes regarding Nehalem architecture, but if necessary to make them more efficient and faster than previous models. It is the second generation of Intel Core new 256-bit instruction, doubling the performance, improving 3D performance and everything that relates to multimedia operation. They arrived the first week of January 2011 and includes new instruction set called AVX and GPU up to 12 execution units

Ivy Bridge is Sandy Bridge improved to 22 nm. Arrival for 2012 is estimated and promises improved GPU and processors sexdécuple higher ranges core and quad-core in the lowest, abandoning the dual-core processors.

DATA TYPES

In a broad sense, a data type defines a set of values ​​and operations on those values. Almost all programming languages ​​explicitly include notation of the data type, though different languages ​​may use different terminology. Most programming languages ​​allow the programmer to define additional data types, usually combining multiple elements of other operations and defining new data type.
Data types allow us to represent the different data that are needed when implementing a program.
The data types are:

WHOLE DATA TYPES 

1) The byte data type can represent integers byte data are in the range of -128 to +127. The size of a data type byte is 8 bits.

  2) The short data type short integers can represent data that are in the range of -32768 to +32767. The size of a short data type is 16 bits.

 3) int int data type can represent integers data are in the range -2147483648 to +2147483647. The size of an int data type is 32 bits.

4) long int data type can represent integers data are in the range -9223372036854775808 and +9223372036854775807. The size of an int data type is 64 bits. To indicate explicitly that the data is a long, add an L at the end ol the value of the variable.

FLOATING DATA TYPES 

1) float The float data type can represent floating-point data that are in the range of 1.40239846e-45f and 38f 3.40282347E +. The size of a short data type is 32 bits. To indicate explicitly that the data is a float, add an F at the end of the variable value.

2) double data type double can represent floating-point data that are in the range of
4.94065645841246544e-324d and 308d 1.7976931348623157E +. The size of a short data type is 64 bits. To indicate explicitly that the data is a double, it adds a D od end of the value of the variable.

BOOLEAN DATA TYPE

The boolean data type can represent two logical values​​: true (true) or false (false).

DATA TYPE CHAR
The char data type is used to represent characters (Unicode code). A character is represented internally by an integer.

Diagrama de Flujo de la entrada al estacionamiento de la UPQ

Arduino, Intel Edison y Raspberry Pi

¿Qué es Arduino?

Es una plataforma de computación física de código abierto basado en una placa electrónica simple, y un entorno de desarrollo para escribir software para la placa.
Arduino se puede utilizar para desarrollar objetos interactivos, teniendo las entradas de una variedad de interruptores o sensores, y el control de una variedad de luces, motores y otras salidas físicas. Proyectos de Arduino pueden ser autónomos, o pueden comunicarse con el software que se ejecuta en el ordenador (por ejemplo, Flash, Processing, MaxMSP .) Las tablas se pueden montar a mano o comprados preensamblado; el IDE de código abierto se puede descargar de forma gratuita.
El lenguaje de programación Arduino es una implementación de cableado, una plataforma similar computación física, que se basa en el entorno de programación multimedia de procesamiento.

Características de Arduino:

*Microcontrolador: ATmega2560

*Voltaje Operativo: 5V

*Voltaje de Entrada: 7-12V

*Voltaje de Entrada(límites): 6-20V

*Pines digitales de Entrada/Salida: 54 (de los cuales 15 proveen salida PWM)

*Pines análogos de entrada: 16

*Corriente DC por cada Pin Entrada/Salida: 40 mA

*Corriente DC entregada en el Pin 3.3V: 50 mA

*Memoria Flash: 256 KB (8KB usados por el bootloader)

*SRAM: 8KB

*EEPROM: 4KB

*Clock Speed: 16 MHz

*Alimentación: puede ser alimentado mediante el puerto USB o con una fuente externa de poder. La alimentación es seleccionada de manera automática.

Cuando se trabaja con una fuente externa de poder se debe utilizar un convertidor AC/DC y regular dicho voltaje en el rango operativo de la placa. De igual manera se puede alimentar el micro mediante el uso de baterías. Preferiblemente el voltaje debe estar en el rango de los 7V hasta los 12V.

*Arduino Mega posee algunos pines para la alimentación del circuito aparte del adaptador para la alimentación:

*VIN: A través de este pin es posible proporcionar alimentación a la placa.

*5V: Podemos obtener un voltaje de 5V y una corriente de 40mA desde este pin.

*3.3V: Podemos ubtener un voltaje de 3.3V y una corriente de 50mA desde este pin.

*GND: El ground (0V) de la placa.

¿Que es Intel Edison?

El Intel Edison es una computadora pequeña ofrecido por Intel como un sistema de desarrollo para dispositivos portátiles . El sistema fue anunciado inicialmente para ser del mismo tamaño y forma que una tarjeta SD y contener un dual-core Intel Quark X 86  CPU @ 400 MHz comunicación a través de Bluetooth y Wi-Fi .

La plataforma de desarrollo de Intel  Edison es el primero de una serie de bajo costo, y plataformas de cómputo de propósito general-de productos listos para facilitar la disminución de las barreras de entrada para los empresarios de todos los tamaños-desde los fabricantes de pro a la electrónica de consumo y las empresas que trabajan en el Internet de los objetos (IO). La plataforma de desarrollo de Intel Edison paquetes de un robusto conjunto de características en su pequeño tamaño, ofreciendo un gran rendimiento, durabilidad, y una amplia gama de E / S y soporte de software. Estas características versátiles ayudan a satisfacer las necesidades de una amplia gama de clientes.

Características de Intel Edison:

*El módulo Intel Edison incluye un dispositivo a dispositivo y marco conectividad de dispositivo a la nube para permitir la comunicación entre dispositivos y un multi-inquilino basado en la nube, servicio de análisis de series de tiempo.

*Se basa en el uso de un SoC Quark de segunda generación, construido en 22 nanómetros   y con una CPU x86 de un núcleo trabajando a 400 MHz.

*Un núcleo de 22 nanómetros a 400 MHz., LPDDR2, WiFi y Bluetooth LE.

*Con la posibilidad de añadir sensores, según lo que necesites medir o estudiar, podrás añadirle el hardware a Edison.

*Memoria RAM LPDDR2 (del mismo tipo que la de los smartphones)

*Tendrá conectividad WiFi y Bluetooth LE integrada sin necesidad de adaptadores externos Memoria NAND integrada, con el hardware suficiente para permitir otro tipo de expansiones en caso de ser necesario.

¿Que es Raspberry Pi?

RaspberryPi es un pequeño ordenador con arquitectura ARM, este un tipo de arquitectura de procesador, es distinto a lo que estamos acostumbrados a usar en nuestros ordenadores de sobremesa y nuestros portátiles.

Raspberry Pi es un ordenador de tamaño de tarjeta de crédito que se conecta a una pantalla y un teclado. Es una placa que soporta varios componentes necesarios en un ordenador común.Es un pequeño ordenador capaz, que puede ser utilizado por muchas de las cosas que su PC de escritorio hace, como hojas de cálculo, procesadores de texto y juegos.

Caracteristicas de Raspberry Pi:

*Tiene varios puertos y entradas, dos USD, uno de Ethernet y salida HDMI. Estos puertos permiten conectar el miniordenador a otros dispositivos, teclados, ratones y pantallas.

*SoC: Broadcom BCM2835 (CPU, GPU y SDRAM)

*CPU ARM1176JZF-S a 700 MHz de velocidad de reloj

*GPU Broadcom VideoCore IV

*Memoria RAM 512 MB (compartidos con la GPU)

*2 x USB 2.0

*1 x Salida audio mini jack 3.5 mm

*1 x Salida audio/vídeo HDMI

*1 x Salida vídeo compuesto RCA

*1 x Micro USB

*1 x RJ45 10/100 Ethernet RJ45

*Slot SD para tarjeta SD que contendrá el sistema operativo y programas

*Alimentación: 5V/700 mA (3.5 W) vía micro USB

*Dimensiones del dispositivo: 85.6 mm x 53.98 mm